Rising crude oil prices, low refinery production, and high consumption of distillate fuel, which includes diesel fuel and heating oil, have contributed to the highest nominal (not adjusted for inflation) middle distillate prices since 2014. The front-month futures price for ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) for delivery in New York Harbor (NYH ULSD) reached as high as US$2.96/gal. on 14 February 2022. On that same day, ULSD priced in the Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp (ARA) hubs of Northwest Europe reached US$2.74/gal, and distillate fuel oil priced in Singapore (Singapore 500 ppm) reached US$2.54/gal. Prior to October 2021, distillate prices had not exceeded US$2.50/gal in any of these three major pricing hubs since 2014.
Rising crude oil prices account for much of the increase in distillate prices. However, distillate prices, particularly in the United States, have increased relative to Brent crude oil prices. In February 2022 to date, the difference between the price of ULSD and the price of Brent crude oil, or the ULSD–Brent crack spread, has averaged US$0.62/gal. By comparison, in 2014, when ULSD prices were last higher than the current prices, the widest monthly average ULSD–Brent crack spread was US$0.51/gal. Furthermore, since 2000, the monthly average crack spread has been wider only in May 2008, when global distillate demand was high, partly because of a transition in Europe to diesel-powered cars and light trucks.
The crack spread for NYH ULSD has been generally increasing as a monthly average since June 2020 and recently increased significantly with increasing demand. After distillate stocks in the US East Coast (PADD 1) peaked at 52% above their five-year (2015 – 2019) average in June 2020, they sharply decreased as distillate demand returned to pre-pandemic levels in early 2021. US demand for distillate fuel has remained high due to high demand for trucking and rail freight transport in 2021 and 2022. Furthermore, cold weather in January 2022 contributed to greater demand in the Northeast, a region that relies on heating oil to heat almost 20% of its homes. Despite increased distillate demand, refinery utilisation is still less than pre-pandemic levels, partly because of comparatively slower demand growth in other petroleum products. Furthermore, as jet fuel demand and crack spreads increase, refiners are shifting more of their production away from distillate in favour of jet fuel. This dynamic of high distillate demand and low production has contributed to persistent distillate stock draws in the US. According to weekly data in the EIA's Weekly Petroleum Status Report (WPSR), distillate stocks in the US East Coast were at 34 million bbl on 18 February – 32% below their five-year (2017 – 2021) average for that time of year.
Europe and Asia are also experiencing trends of low distillate stocks and high prices. Partially because of lower refinery output and high US demand and prices, other countries have been importing less distillate fuel oil from the US. Furthermore, comparatively higher ULSD prices at New York Harbor have made it economical for countries to increase exports to the US, despite low distillate stocks globally. As of 17 February, ARA ULSD stocks were 11.5 million bbl – 42% lower than the five-year February average. ARA ULSD stocks have not been this low, on either an absolute basis or in comparison with five-year averages, since April 2014. European ULSD stock draws may have also increased recently as a result of large planned refinery outages, including Shell's 400 000 bpd Pernis refinery in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In addition, a cyberattack on storage terminals at the ARA trading hub in early February disrupted normal inventory operations. In addition, ULSD demand is likely increasing as much of Europe lifts COVID-19-related travel restrictions. Lastly, like in the United States, high consumption in the Middle East and Asia has prompted countries in those regions to consume their products domestically rather than export to Europe. As a result of all of these factors, the ARA ULSD–Brent crack spread has averaged US$0.43/gal. in February so far, US$0.17/gal. higher than its five-year average for these days in February and the widest crack spread differential in the EIA's data going back to 2013.
At the Singapore trading hub, the distillate crack spread relative to Dubai crude oil has increased from as low as US$0.08/gal. in May 2020 to US$0.31/gal. in February 2022 (to date), which is higher than the five-year February average but lower than the crack spreads at the NYH and ARA trading hubs. Middle distillate stocks are 40% below their five-year average as of 23 February. Similar to other markets, rising demand in Asia is likely contributing to high distillate stock draws. In addition, middle distillate crack spreads in Singapore may also be widening because the region has been receiving fewer imports from China, due to China’s lower export quotas and changes to China’s domestic distillate supplies and trade patterns since the middle of 2021.